Next to consonants, PC * underwent different changes: the clusters *s and *t became *xs and *xt respectively already in PC. Spanish Macedonian Latin HaitianCreole Tupian Bikol Central The collective memory of the Proto-Israelites suffering in Canaan under Egyptian oppression and those suffering in Egypt merged in the genesis of Israel's story of origin from the transformation of oral tradition into written text. (Cal)- This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. Proto-West Germanic, Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Proto-Celtic_Swadesh_list&oldid=62506573, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Gan, However, Schumacher[4] and Schrijver[5] suggest a date for Proto-Celtic as early as the 13th century BC, the time of the Canegrate culture, in northwest Italy, and the Urnfield culture in Central Europe, implying that the divergence may have already started in the Bronze Age.[why?]. Amharic Dravidian Thus, H can disappear in weak cases while being retained in strong cases, e.g. Swahili Want to add New Dictionary? Lojban The following monophthongs are reconstructed: The following diphthongs have also been reconstructed: The morphological (structure) of nouns and adjectives demonstrates no arresting alterations from the parent language. *mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) (Gaulish Mori- ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh mr), E.g. Manx *bitus 'world, existence' (masculine) (Gaulish Bitu- ~ Old Irish bith ~ Welsh byd ~ Breton bed), Before the *-s of the nominative singular, a velar consonant was fricated to *-x: *rg- "king" > *rxs. [6] In 2002 a paper by Ringe, Warnow and Taylor, employing computational methods as a supplement to the traditional linguistic subgrouping methodology, argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic subgroup,[7] and in 2007 Kortlandt attempted a reconstruction of a Proto-Italo-Celtic. Central Atlas Tamazight) Proto-Italic Marathi rather unambiguous despite appeals to archaic retentions or morphological leveling. On thematic -e/o- verbs, the imperative ended in thematic vowel *-e. However, there is also another second-person singular active imperative ending, -si, which was attached to the verb root athematically even with thematic strong verbs. [3] The fact that it is possible to reconstruct a Proto-Celtic word for 'iron' (traditionally reconstructed as *sarnom) has long been taken as an indication that the divergence into individual Celtic languages did not start until the Iron Age (8th century BCE to 1st century BCE); otherwise, descendant languages would have developed their own, unrelated words for their metal. The article discusses a number of cases in which Proto-Indo-European word-initial sequences of the type *Hi- and *Hu- yield an acute vowel in Baltic and in Slavic. On the Isle of Man, the phrase 'fairy tree' often refers to the elder tree. Tahitian Indonesian Those dictionaries published by Brill in the Leiden series have been removed from the University databases for copyright reasons. IE nom.sg. Irish Proto-Turkic Novial Cantonese, Q-Celtic languages may also have /p/ in loan words, though in early borrowings from Welsh into Primitive Irish, /k/ was used by sound substitution due to a lack of a /p/ phoneme at the time: Gaelic pg "kiss" was a later borrowing (from the second word of the Latin phrase osculum pacis "kiss of peace") at a stage where p was borrowed directly as p, without substituting c. The PC vowel system is highly comparable to that reconstructed for PIE by Antoine Meillet. This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. It is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European (h)se-desirative, with i-reduplication in many verbs. Uto-Aztecan, Esperanto Uralic At the moment we have published the following online documents: Sumerian A collection of Celtic cognates, with definitions, pronunciation, etymologies - includes the modern Celtic languages, older versions of these languages, such as Middle Welsh, Old Irish, and their extinct and reconstructed relatives and ancestors, including Gaulish, Celtiberian, Proto-Brythonic and Proto-Celtic. That could imply that they are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Italo-Celtic, which can be partly reconstructed by the comparative method. Egyptian, Proto-Basque Ojibwe PIE *p is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages * (possibly a stage *[p])[10] and *h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. French The number of cases is a subject of contention:[12] while Old Irish may have only five, the evidence from Continental Celtic is considered[by whom?] Lingwa de Planeta (Lidepla) 1500 entries. })(); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cornish Dictionary Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth--s (standing beneath), from *up (under) + *steh- (to stand) + *-s (agent suffix). The -ase- variant originated in roots that ended in a laryngeal in Proto-Indo-European; when the *-se- suffix was attached right after a laryngeal, the laryngeal regularly vocalized into *-a-. "Italo-Celtic Correspondences in Verb Formation". Megleno-Romanian Japanese Hmong-Mien AntilleanCreole The traditional interpretation of the data is that both sub-groups of the Indo-European language family are generally more closely related to each other than to the other Indo-European languages. Place names, demonyms and other kinds of names can be found in Category:Names. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It discusses the origins of, 165 and using these reconstructions to build up branches of a linguistic genealogical tree is even less promising. The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic (PC): PC stops allophonically manifest similarly to those in English. Swedish Malayalam Baltic It would then analogically spread to other Celtic strong verb roots ending in sonorants in addition to the weak verbs, even if the root did not originally end in a laryngeal. Proto-Indo-European Elamite Bulgarian s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); The Celtic Lexicon will contain the reconstructed Proto-Celtic vocabulary and the attested cognates in the ancient and modern Celtic languages (i.e. MauritianCreole Palestinian, Punjabi original Indo-European language features which have disappeared in all other language groups. Most verbs took one subjunctive suffix in Proto-Celtic, -(a)s-, followed by the thematic primary endings. It refers to the idea that people inevitably share traits with or resemble . 1200900 BC. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirate stops *b, *d, *g/, merge with *b, *d, *g/ in PC. Tuvaluan These endings are:[19]:6267, The Old Irish t-preterite was traditionally assumed to be a divergent evolution from the s-preterite, but that derivation was challenged by Jay Jasanoff, who alleges that they were instead imperfects of Narten presents. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden; The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book; Rethinking the Administrative Presidency: Trust, Otto Treumann: Graphic Design in the Netherlands; SOON Timepiece Phenomena: adventures in concept; Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties; Filmstile book; Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice / Finnish (Sallaands) Berber: Wyandot Generally,*s-stems contain an *-es-, which becomes *-os in the nominative singular: *teges- 'house' > *tegos. The following sound changes are shared with the Italic languages in particular, and are cited in support of the Italo-Celtic hypothesis.[7]. Mongolian Turkic (Old French) ashes *loutwi-ask (*ged-) ask (*erk-, rek-) ask *l-je/o-ask *beg-e/o-, *bex-ske/o- (??) You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. Tungusic Tibeto-Burman (Nepal)) It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Indo-Iranian Numbers in Proto-Brythonic How to count in Proto-Brythonic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric). 1.0 1.1 Matasovi, Ranko (2009), "*wasto-", in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, ISBN, page 404 ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern . A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. Ancient. (OldPolish) Egyptian Gelao *dug, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, "The Origin of the Welsh Englyn and Kindred Metres", Celto-Germanic Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West, "17. Proto-Celtic English *-agno- descendant, child *go-mro- warlike *agos- (Ir. Gujarati Burushaski (StandardArabic, "Ranko Matasovis Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (henceforth EDPC), is a welcome and very useful tool for linguistic investigationwe are extremely grateful to Ranko Matasovi for his remarkable achievement." Suzhounese), Somali Konkani [dubious discuss], The copula *esti was irregular. (Sinitic, Dictionary entries. And unaspirated voiced stops /b d / were devoiced to [p t k] word-initially. Interlingua "colui che crea lodi"), la cui radice PIE *gerH- (originariamente "alzare la voce", poi "approvare, magnificare") riscontrabile anche nel latino grtus (e On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Contents 1 Proto-Celtic 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Noun 1.2.1 Declension 1.2.2 Descendants 1.3 References Proto-Celtic [ edit] Etymology [ edit] Proto-Germanic The analysis was based on the DNA of 1,000 Irish individuals and 6,000 from Britain and mainland Europe - and confirms the vast extent of migration between the two islands. Min German In Gaulish and the Brittonic languages, the Proto-Indo-European *k phoneme becomes a new *p sound. var gcse = document.createElement('script'); American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Sino-Tibetan: first in time; beginning : giving rise to; parent substance of a (specified) substance Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. This number is, 0. Proto-Celtic reconstruction. Zazaki PIE *sp- became Old Irish s (lenited f-, exactly as for PIE *sw-) and Brythonic f; while Schrijver 1995, p.348 argues there was an intermediate stage *s- (in which * remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelic and Brythonic), McCone 1996, pp. The stem vowel in the t-preterite was leveled to *e if the next consonant was either velar or *m, and *i in front of *r or *l.[20], One major formation of the future in Celtic, the s-future. The assumed period of language contact could then be later and perhaps continue well into the first millennium BC. va " from, down ", mostly prefix from verbs . There are *o-stems, *-stems, *i-stems, *u-stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, *r-stems and *s-stems. Italian WestCoastBajau As someone who has studied Classical Latin for years, Proto-Italic is fascinating to me. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. Chavacano Omissions? Oto-Manguean Tagalog Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic Author: Ranko Matasovi Summary: "This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Please support me on. Ossetian Two of these verbs are *bwiyeti "to be, exist" (subjunctive *bweti) and *klinutor "to hear" (subjunctive *klowetor).[22]. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 05:09. The list of the Proto-Celtic sound laws is explicitly adduced in the Introduction to the dictionary, and all etymologies in this dictionary are based on the assumption that those sound laws operated in Proto-Celtic. Estonian Russian Friulian In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Schrijver supposes that its athematic present was used clause-initially and the thematic conjugation was used when that was not the case.[28]. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular. The following personal pronouns in Celtic can be reconstructed as follows:[14]:220221[15]:281, The following third-person pronouns in Proto-Celtic may also be reconstructed. UpperSorbian Corrections? English-Celtic Dictionary Online and Free English-Celtic Translation. Chechen NigerCongo Guinea-BissauCreole Palatovelars merge into the plain velars: Epenthetic *a is inserted after a syllabic, following a vowel in syllables before the accent (VHC > VC), between plosives in non-initial syllables (CHC > CC), Two adjacent dentals become two adjacent sibilants (TT > ss). Northern Kurdish Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. It contains a reconstructed. Serbo-Croatian Entries where "Proto-Celtic" occurs: march: Translations smallage - see smallage Anagrams charm march (Welsh) Origin & history From Proto . Celtic There were two or three major preterite formations in Proto-Celtic, plus another moribund type. Each lemma contains the reflexes of the Proto-Celtic words in the individual Celtic languages, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots from which they developed, as well as the cognate forms from other Indo-European languages. Wu Germanic Many types of trees found in the Celtic nations are considered to be sacred, whether as symbols, or due to medicinal properties, or because they are seen as the abode of particular nature spirits.Historically and in folklore, the respect given to trees varies in different parts of the Celtic world. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic Publication date 2017-07-14 Topics linguistics, historical linguistics, indo-european languages, celtic languages Collection opensource Language English English Proto-Celtic as far as ? I can only find a few examples of this saying online, but lots of examples of the apple never falls far from the tree and similar sayings. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. Hmong (Mandarin Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Standard, Georgian [21], There were also three verbs that did not use -(a)se-, instead straight-out taking thematised primary endings. Etymology. Belarusian Romanian Thus, Gaulish petuar[ios], Welsh pedwar "four", but Old Irish cethair and Latin quattuor. (Middle, This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. 1500 entries. Frisian Proto-Hellenic Paleosiberian A friend asked me to look into the origins of the saying An acorn doesn't fall far from the tree. Min Dong), gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Polish As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. However, if some of the forms are archaic elements of Proto-Indo-European that were lost in other branches, neither model of post-PIE relationship must be postulated. Kho-Bwa, Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded or followed the next change; that is, whether gw > b or gw > g, but Schumacher 2004 argues on p.372 that this change came first; moreover, it is also found in Proto-Italic, and thus arguably belongs to the previous section): Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that this. English-Cornish Online Dictionary. Proto-Japanese A number of other similarities continue to be pointed out and debated.[13]. [8], Emphatic support for an Italo-Celtic clade came from Celtologist Peter Schrijver in 1991. The considerable genetic legacies of the Vikings, Normans and Ulster plantations has uncovered a previously hidden genetic landscape, shaped by invasions and migrations. Mayan (MiddleKorean) So many of the sound changes that occurred from Proto-Italic to Old Latin to Classical Latin are so interesting. Chumashan and Hokan Formosan So the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish[1] and Middle Welsh,[2] dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD. Dalmatian Faroese Khmer Temiar Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also shortens long diphthongs. (Similarly, Grimm's law did not apply to *p, t, k after *s in Germanic, and the same exception occurred again in the High German consonant shift.). Purepecha middle imperative", An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, http://www.angelfire.com/me/ik/gaulish.html, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 9, etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&oldid=1142903141, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2011, Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with disputed statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Afrikaans 1500 entries. Cape Verdean *slis 'sight, view, eye' (feminine) (Brittonic sulis ~ Old Irish sil), E.g. (Shanghainese, Tajik Kuki-Chin Occitan The Sound of the Proto-Celtic language (Numbers, Words & Story) ILoveLanguages! Similar developments appear in Italic, but for the syllabic nasals *m, *n, the result is Proto-Italic *m, *n (> Latin em ~ im, en ~ in). Scholars who believe that Proto-Italo-Celtic was an identifiable historical language estimate that it was spoken in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE somewhere in South-Central Europe. Category:Proto-Celtic lemmas: Proto-Celtic lemmas, categorized by their part of speech. We argue that most IE fox-words go back to two distinct PIE stems: *hlp-e- fox and, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Cognate with Latin margo (border, edge), Proto-Germanic *mark (border, region), Avestan (marza, frontier). Hungarian Papiamento Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help Read More on July 14, 2017, This is a cleaned version of the original file found on The Internet, There are no reviews yet. Sanskrit Interlingue Musi They are usually considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language. These cases were nominative, vocative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, locative and instrumental. (OldPersian, MiddlePersian) (Old, Insofar as this new /p/ fills the gap in the phoneme inventory which was left by the disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may think of this as a chain shift. *lm 'hand' (feminine) (Old Irish lm; Welsh llaw, Cornish leuv, Old Breton lom), E.g. Buginese Walloon Search the history of over 797 billion The primary endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows. Romani Notes *Belenos. Another future formation, attested only in Gaulish, is the -sye-desiderative. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Nynorsk) Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 23:31. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax, though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian. KraDai Basque Hindi They were used to form the present, future, and subjunctive conjugations.[14]. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Arabic Moroccan, While investigating Continental Celtic word-formation, I have come across some isoglosses which allow a less complicated reconstruction and, last not least, a better comprehension of the, Abstract The changes occurring in the Celtic word-field designating offspring are scrutinized and arranged into a somewhat revised relative chronology. Kangean Possibly, post-consonantal laryngeals are lost when before pre-tonic close vowels: Possibly, vocalization of laryngeals to * between a *CR cluster and consonantal *j (CRHjV > CRjV), Syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC), Syllabic resonants before a voiced unaspirated stop become *Ra (RD > RaD). (VulgarLatin)- Proto-Balto-Slavic Celtic Dictionary. Proto-Mayan (MinNan, Indo-Aryan: Volapk, Proto-Austronesian Arabic: Dictionary Meanings Proto-celtic Definition Proto-celtic Definition Meanings Definition Source Pronoun Filter pronoun The putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. This is the main category of the Proto-Celtic language. The meaning of PROTO- is first in time. Slovene DenYeniseian Albanian (OldPortuguese) It must be a more recent incomer. Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Early Celtic among the Indo-European dialects", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo-Celtic&oldid=1132194659, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. the assimilation of *p to a following *k. From comparison between early Old Irish and Gaulish forms it seems that Continental and Insular Celtic verbs developed differently and so the study of Irish and Welsh may have unduly weighted past opinion of Proto-Celtic verb morphology. 1500 entries. Please, contact us for this at ats [at] ats-group [dot] net, Advanced Translation Services| Copyright 2001-2023| ATS Translation, Professional Hungarian Translation Services. Garo Answer (1 of 3): How can I learn the Proto Celtic language? Matasovis conclusion that finally, the fact that there appear to be only a few, Abstract Despite more than a century of research, the origin of the Insular Celtic double system of verbal inflection is still debated. Frisian au 3 (aue); u English meaning: from, away, of Deutsche bersetzung: "herab, weg von " Material: O.Ind. Goidelic. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. Nanjingnese), The later belief in a stay of the Israelites at Tanis/Zoan was inspired by the transfer of archaeological . Kashubian on the Internet. The study shows, among other things, how the, This paper presents a detailed etymological analysis of words for fox in Indo-European (IE) languages. Gaul. Rusyn The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and . Il termine, trovato al plurale anche nel greco brdoi, sicuramente pi antico e proviene dal proto-celtico *bardos, a sua volta esito del proto-indoeuropeo *grdh--s ( lett. Celtic words for fence, hurdle, lattice and related things come from the same root: more details, as do words for left and related things. Verbs were formed by adding suffixes to a verbal stem. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. Mori Celtic and Indo-European scholars, linguists interested in etymology and problems of linguistic reconstruction. Early New) Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias & Bibliographies, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. Xiang) Fijian Tamil (Neapolitan, Proto-Bantu Norwegian: There is controversy about the causes of these similarities. Pashto This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help. Primary subjunctive formations in Proto-Celtic generally use the e-grade of the verb root, even if the present stem uses the zero-grade. It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 06:08. (OldMarathi) Proto-Celtic is the name we give to a reconstruction of the presumed ancestor of the Celtic languages, based on a principled comparison of the attested languages in their earli. English Quechua What is commonly accepted is that the shared features may usefully be thought of as Italo-Celtic forms, as they are certainly shared by the two families and are almost certainly not coincidental. Cornish Dictionary. It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to proto-celtic using the buttons below. Catalan gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; The introduction contains an overview of the phonological developments from PIE to Proto-Celtic, and the volume includes an appendix treating the probable loanwords from unknown non-IE substrates in Proto-Celtic. Okinawan (Bokml, Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-; this becomes *- in the nominative singular: *abon- "river" > *ab. Turkish Either derivation requires Narten ablaut anyway, leading to a stem vowel i in the singular and e in the plural. Fundamental All languages Proto-Celtic. Paginator2 [5] Nevertheless, some scholars, such as Frederik Kortlandt, continued to be interested in the theory. E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports, Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English.. It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages.

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